Bovine Growth Hormones

In the last century there has been a lot of increased research in science which has greatly influenced our daily life. Introduction of new technologies like the recombinant DNA technology has led to new developments in the agricultural, pharmaceutical and molecular biology. It is possible to produce proteins in organisms where they are not originally produced through recombinant DNA technology. A gene sequence is incorporated in an organism capable of reproducing fast to allow production of large volumes of the protein for example bacteria.Hormones like insulin are produced this way while others that have a lot of influence in the physiological functions on humans and animals are produced synthetically for example Bovine hormone which is given to dairy cows in order to increase milk production. Bovine Growth Hormone The pituitary glands of cows naturally produce the hormone bovine somatotropin (bST) that is responsible for production of milk in cows. Some of the bST hormone reaches t he liver while in circulation and stimulates production of insulin like growth factor one (IGF-1).Combination of these two hormones leads to increased degradation of fats for energy and also prevents mammary glands cell death. The increased fat degradation is thought to be reason behind increased milk production. Due to advancement in science it was made possible to synthetically produce this hormone by recombinant DNA technology. The Recombinant Bovine Growth Hormone (rBGH) which was the first genetically engineered animal drug produced by Monsanto in 1994 which is one of the largest biotechnology companies in the world.The hormone is injected to the cows even when the produce enough bovine somatotropin which puts the animal at risk because two hormones with the same purpose will be involved. Introduction of this hormone to dairy farmers was faced with a lot of controversy because it was shown to have health hazards to human beings who take milk from cows injected with this hormone . Monsanto went ahead to introduce the rBGH though with a lot of opposition from farmers and the public.This hormone was shown to increase reproduction of cows by about 25%. In the process the health and reproduction of the cows decreases from the effect of the rBGH. It was criticized by many industrialized nations because they thought that it would cause negative effects on humans. It was later proved that this hormone had drastic effects on cattle and also on humans. Independent research was done by organizations like the consumers union, cancer prevention coalition and other international governments like the Canadian government.All these organizations found out that milk from a cow injected with rBGH hormone contained high amounts of potent cancer tumor promoter IGF-1 and could also be absorbed through the gastro intestinal tract thereby leading to immunological effects . Absorption of this hormone to the body also influences cancer accelerating hormone Insulin like Growth Facto r – 1(IGF-1) that leads to abnormal growth of cells (malignant cells) which causes the major cancers like breast and prostrate cancers.. Monsanto had attempted to cover up all these negative effects on humans and cows.This was facilitated by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Agriculture who went ahead licensing the rBGH and other genetically engineered organisms without the necessary safety test. Some of the journalist from Fox company who tried to air the Monsanto story fairly and honestly. The journalist had reported about the rBGH hormone and the possible health hazards to people who take milk and beef from cows injected with this hormone. were dismissed from the broadcasting company without any definite reasons.It was therefore evident that Monsanto was out to make huge profits without concern if their products were safe enough to be utilized in animals and the subsequent shift to humans through milk and beef. Conclusion The increased provision of f unds for research has led to more discoveries and development of new scientific products. However, whenever a new product is developed it is the responsibility of developer to carry out critical safety tests to avoid endangering the lives of many people. Each and every technological innovation has its advantages and disadvantages.Once a new product is introduced all the pros and cons of that product should be addressed accordingly. It is also the responsibility of each state to ensure that all new products developed in that state are safe and should not hesitate to take legal actions if the product is capable of threatening life. References Nina, R. Food safety: a reference handbook. 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO, 2007 Lisa, N. science and social context: the regulation of recombinant bovine growth hormone in North America. McGill- Queen’s Press–MQUP, 2002. Bernice, Z. Issues and Dilemma of Biotechnology: a reference guide. 2nd edition. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999.

Animal Biodiversity

The defining characteristic for mammals and the characteristic which gives the class its name is the presence of mammary glands. Both the species I selected have mammary glands and nurture their young with milk from these glands.Apart from the presence and use of mammary glands, the other common features of both animals are the high level of brain development among the animal kingdom as well as the social tendencies of the species.Given these similarities, there are stark differences between humans and dolphins. The most obvious is that humans are land living creatures while dolphins are adapted to life in the sea. As such, humans have evolved an upright stance, as well as opposable thumbs while dolphins have evolved fins and a blowhole.Humans are classified under the order Primates along with monkeys and apes. Defining characteristics for primates are stereoscopic vision, opposable thumbs, highly mobile radius and ulna, and other physical adaptations for life in the treetops.The dol phin belongs to the order Cetacea along with the blue whale and the killer whale. Order cetacea includes mammals who have evolved to a fully aquatic life. As such, dolphins and whales belong to the order.Class InsectaBoth the praying mantis and the monarch butterfly have three main body divisions – the head, the thorax and the abdomen. Both also have compound eyes composed of hundreds or thousand of individual light sensing organs. Lastly, both insects lay eggs for reproductive purposes.One big difference between the praying mantis and the monarch butterfly is flight. The butterfly has wings which enable it to cover large distances for food and for migration during wintertime. As mentioned, the monarch butterfly also undergoes migration. During winter, the monarch butterflies in Northern America travel to Mexico to outlast the cold weather conditions.The butterfly belongs to order Lepidoptera along with moths and skippers. The defining characteristic for the order have been t he presence of antennae, a hard exoskeleton and wings which are covered in scales.The praying mantis belongs to the order Mantodae with its evolutionary siblings the leaf mantis with a thorax shaped and colored like a leaf and its oriental cousin the Chinese mantis. The characteristic for the order have been a predatory diet, their use of camouflage, and the presence of cannibalism among the species.Class AvesThe bald eagle and the chicken, while representing polar opposites of the bravery spectrum have many similar characteristics. First, they lay eggs to reproduce. Second, they have wings and lastly, they also have a feather covering.Also, there are more differences between both birds apart from their symbolism. The bald eagle has binocular vision while the chicken does not due to the placement of the eyes in their skulls. The bald eagle is also a carnivore while the chicken is an omnivore which can feed on seeds and small worms. The bald eagle is also much larger in size than the chicken.The bald eagle together with hawks and falcons form the order Falconiformes. Members of the order are all birds of prey with hooked bills, sharp talons and good eyesight – adaptations needed for spotting and killing prey from the air.The chicken on the other hand belongs to the order Galliformes along with turkeys and quails. The order is best described as being chicken-like in appearance with blunt wings and small to large bodies. Flight is limited for the order with some species having a terrestrial lifestyle.Phylum   EchinodermataBoth star fishes and sea urchins are only found in marine habitats. Physically, both also sport a radial symmetry with the sea urchin going further by having a spherical symmetry. Lastly, both animals under phylum Echinodermata have the spiny exterior which defines members of the phylum.One main difference between starfishes and sea urchins is in physical appearance. Star fishes have an obvious five arms while sea urchins are best descr ibed as round objects with protruding spikes. Sea urchins also have pronounced long spikes for protection against predators and are suspension feeders which feed on algae. Starfish on the other hand are predators and scavengers.The common starfish along with the northern Pacific sea star and the red-knobbed sea star form the subclass Asteroidea. The five rayed body is the unifying feature of members of this subclass.   Five rays connect to a central disc for these animals. The sea urchin along with the sand dollar and heart urchins belong to class Echinoidea.This class is different from other echinoderms because their calcitic ossicles are fused together to form a globe. They also have a very powerful chewing apparatus called Aristotle’s lantern.BibliographyUniversity of Michigan Museum of Zoologyl (2008) â€Å"Animal Diversity Web.† In University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved November 30, 2008 from http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html

Biblical Concept of Sin Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biblical Concept of Sin - Article Example The present research has identified that the bible is the Christian’s guide to live a spiritually healthy life. The bible has many authors in the different books, who were inspired by God. The Bible teaches Christians to live a pure life with no sin; however, it does not provide a precise definition of sin. Instead, the Bible elaborates on remedies to sin. Like other doctrines, Kinghorn acknowledges the need to apply the concept of progressive revelation. In his attempt to reveal the biblical view of sin, Kinghorn studies the doctrine of sin in both the old and new testaments. He uses this approach in order to follow the revelation of the doctrine of sin throughout the centuries, from the creation of man, as God manifests himself in the human families setting. Kinghorn identifies numerous terms that look into the concept of sin in the Old Testament, which makes it an ideal study in order to understand the doctrine of sin. Mentions of sin in the Old Testament are in Hebrew, who se translations may distort the precise definition of the terms. In this article, we see sin as having an inward concept and an outside concept. The inward concept is best seen in the case of the tenth commandment, while the outside concept of sin is seen in cold-blooded murder. There are many concepts of sin including an act of wrongdoing with regard to ethics, breaking the law due to ill motive, and breaking the covenant of God as a deflection from the lawgiver.   giver. We also look at the doctrine of sin according to the new testament, as portrayed by Jesus through parables and Paul in his letters. The author concludes by relating the doctrine of sin to the opinions of Wesleyans. Critical interaction In defining sin according to the New Testament, Kinghorn looks at human family and the relation it had with God. The family setting in the Old Testament defined sin as an inward act, owing to the sins of our first parents, before it became an outward act. In this regard sin was seen as breaking the law, which made it punishable. According to the Hebrews, there was a clear distinction between sin, which was defined as an act of wrong doing, and what did not constitute sin. According to the book of Leviticus, sin was any act that was contrary to the command, whether it was done knowingly or unknowingly, due to ignorance. Kinghorn supports this claim by quoting the book of Leviticus 5: 17, which says "And if any one sin, and do any of the things wh ich Jehovah hath commanded not to be done, though he knew it not, yet is he guilty, and shall bear his iniquity." The Old Testament looks at both the ethical and legal concepts of sin. In the former, sin involves an act, while in the latter, it is about breaking a law, regardless of knowledge of its existence. Another kind of sin in the Old Testament is one that is not portrayed on the outside, like in the case of condemning murder only if it’s done willingly. Analysis of the sin according to the Old Testament is fouuunded on the idea of progression, whereby the concept of sin is revealed in various people and prophets as we move towards Christianity. Kinghorn identifies some bible characters that had greater vision than others, like in the case of Enoch. He also reveals another concept of sin that involves breaking the covenant of God that is built on human obedience. In such cases, sin is seen as a rebellion against God since the covenant forms the basis of the relationship between God and man. In the Old Testament, sin was seen as not only breaking the law, but also a deflection from the law giver. The analysis of sin according

Dunkin Donuts Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dunkin Donuts - Term Paper Example In part one, the researcher provided a brief analysis of the company followed by the company mission and objectives; the project introduced the product portfolio and the core competencies of the company were presented. The researcher also examined the internal and external environments by utilizing SWOT and PEST analysis to examine the factors that can favor or that cannot favor effective business performance. Marketing mix strategies such as product, place, price and promotion strategies were examined, and lastly, the conclusion that summarized this part was included. In part two, the research proposed varied growth strategies effective for enabling the company to achieve successful business performance. The researcher revealed that utilizing social media services and also creating value preposition, as well as, segmenting the market is vital. It was suggested that the company can employ the marketing mix such as the product strategy, price, place and the promotion strategy because these are imperative marketing strategies for achieving significant business growth. Lastly, the researcher provided a brief conclusion that summarized the proposed strategies vital for enabling the company to achieve successful business growth.... The company declares itself as the largest global baked and coffee product chains serving more than 2.7 million clients daily in more than 8,800 stores within 31 countries (Dealbook, 2011). Most of the company stores are franchised and the Dunkin’s Donuts stores are owned by Dunkin Brands Inch. The Dunkin’s Donuts focuses on products but not the store environment; hence, the company designs their products in a manner that can attract many customers. The company strives hard in order to ensure that their customers are well satisfied and earns their loyalty. Their social responsibility towards their customers is reflected in the company mission. 1.2 Mission & Goals The mission of the company is to become the dormant global of high quality products by being a socially responsible company and keeping high-established image for their customers through offering them health product options (Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins, 2007). The main goal of the company is to make the n utritional value of the menu choices in their stores better in order to achieve customer loyalty. Therefore, the main responsibility of the company revolves primarily around offering health products options for their customers. They offer low-calorie food options and healthier drinks to ensure that their clients view them as a caring company. Another goal is keeping on top of new nutrition developments and health related research to determine aspects that can impact the products of their company. The aim of the company is to be the quality leader in the market by offering a higher standard development of high dining experience with inventive product choices (Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins, 2007). The last objective of

Industrial Revolution and its Effects on Science Literature review

Industrial Revolution and its Effects on Science - Literature review Example Scientific research leads to the advent of numerous devices like the telephone, phonograph, elevator, ice machine, gasoline-powered cars, and light bulbs, to name a few. In the field of entertainment, new technologies such as the radio and moving pictures became popular. The huge improvements in the process of obtaining and working on raw materials affected primarily metallurgy and chemistry. Applied first in coal mining and textiles, the new techniques, new machines, and new methods rapidly spread into other industrial areas. The application of steam to transportation led to the railroad system, which in turn generated dozens of other technical changes in iron and steel, bridge building, communication and organization ("The Industrial Revolution"). An increase in scientific publications was facilitated by the network of informal societies like the Lunar Society of Birmingham, in which members met to discuss science and its application to manufacturing. Some of these societies published volumes of proceedings and transactions, new inventions, as well as papers about them. Scientific research post-Industrial revolution has also resulted in advancements in chemical and biological warfare as well as in nuclear weaponry. The term Romantic covers most of the music, art, and literature of Western civilization from the nineteenth century.

Industrial and Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial and Economic - Essay Example This paper aims to discuss the impact of industries over the natural habitat and the individual behavior in this regard. Additionally, the past trend and future provisions are discussed in order to bring significant changes before it is too late. In the past few decades industrialization has actually led to the decline of natural habitat. There are various elements which are actually influencing our natural habitat and these are broadly divided into industrial and personal impacts. Industrial Impacts Over The Natural Habitat The planet Earth is facing a lot of problems simultaneously and one of its most significant issues include the climatic changes. Unfortunately the industries which have actually contributed a lot in the progress and development of economies have led the natural habitat to such a declining stage, and if prompt actions are not taken then substantial consequences would have to be faced by the world’s population. Initially scientists were not confronted with t he impact of industrial organizations over the habitat, in fact they were considering some natural phenomenon responsible for what was happening. However, the contemporary research and analysis have authenticated that most of the loss tolerated by the habitat is due to the industrial organizations. ... This indicates that we require developing entirely new strategies which are applicable and beneficial for the overall protection of the habitat (Flannery). Impact of personal behavior We are living in an era where humans are producing immense garbage, something that must not have been produced with such intensity and increasing rate. On individual basis we all indulge in to activities which are seriously damaging for our natural habitat. Whenever we are cleaning our homes and emptying our trash cans we never realize that where the rubbish is going and what harm it is causing to our natural environment. For instance, we throw away all the broken plastic stuff, batteries, leftover food and drinks, plastic bags and a lot more similar things without considering their outcomes over the habitat (Royte). Scientists and social workers have been very active in order to reduce the impact of individual behavior over the decline in habitat. Therefore these wasted items are utilized for different purposes. For instance, in constructing buildings and railways tracks, manufacturing of plastic items etc. However, the utilization of wastes created by humans does not really compensate the loss that has been made to the environment and the natural habitat. This is further elaborated by Elizabeth Royte in her book ‘Garbage Land-on the secret trail of trash’. In this book the author has explained the dirty side of human consumption. It highlights how the waste is thrashed out and where it finally reaches after going through different procedures. Royte has concluded that most of the thrashed out material actually returns back in to our national habitat, thus contributing further to an already

Persuasive speech , recycling or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Persuasive , recycling - Speech or Presentation Example We take these as simple daily acts of negligence but failing to throw that piece of paper, plastic, glass or metal in the right trash bin for recycling is slowly killing this beautiful earth we call home. Today, I am going to highlight the problem we face when we fail to recycle and contribute to build up of trash on Earth, the benefits of recycling and the steps we can take as individuals and communities to help. Effects of Trash Build-up and Benefits of Recycling Recycling is one of those things we all know we need to do, it is in our to-do list, but we fail to do it as effectively as we have planned, or in some of us, we completely disregard it. However, there are various reasons why we should always remember to recycle that piece of paper or plastic. In case an individual is not been very diligent in making an effort to throw the empty can of soda into the trash, here are the reasons why everybody should begin recycling. First of all, recycling fundamentally reduces global warmin g. Our mother Earth is unfortunately feeling the effects of global warming already and it is our duty as the inhabitants to take whatever initiative possible to cut down or totally eliminate the negative impacts that come with this sad phenomenon. The industrial production of certain materials that we use in our daily lives can release significant amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. For example, the production of new aluminum, the material used to make the cans for sodas, leads to the production of 92% more carbon dioxide that recycling old aluminum cans (Hieronymi, Ramzy and Eric 94). Now we all know from our chemistry lessons that carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases responsible for global warming and additional release to the atmosphere is a resultant increase in global warming. Recycling also makes us more energy efficient as more energy is usually needed to create something from the raw materials than to recycle it. For instance, producing paper from trees c onsumes sixty four percent more energy than recycling it while burning plastic uses double the energy that would have been consumed if recycled. The energy saved when materials are reprocessed can be applied in other useful areas, for instance, if only one pound of steel is recycled, the energy can be used to power a 60-watt bulb for a whole day. Is it not just intriguing how much we can save by remembering to throw that litter in the right trash bin? Recycling waste also keeps our landfills from overflowing as we are soon running out of space to use for dumping our litter. I believe that none of us here today would wish to see his landfill of trash backyard his balcony. Moreover, studies have shown that 60-70% of garbage in landfills can be recycled which implies that if we became more diligent in recycling, we would be getting rid of 60-70% of the garbage lying in the landfills (Miller and Spoolman 555). We should also not forget that these landfills release toxic gases that are n ot only harmful to us human beings, but also to the ecological life around them. The process also improves the quality of the earth’s groundwater as the garbage deposited in landfills is never treated but just buried. Therefore, any toxic chemicals that could have present in the garbage are allowed to seep into the ground water that are used in other areas as a source of water for daily household usage. Furthermore, runoff rainwater from these

Qasr Al Hosn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Qasr Al Hosn - Essay Example In attempt to preserve it, the building has undergone a number of structural changes, although it remains to show the original and indigenous architecture of the Emiratis, depicting how the past can live through the present.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite its long-standing history and rich past, research has been limited on the preservation trance of Qasr Al Hosn. Generally, Qars Al Hosn has not been accorded the level of research that it deserves, resulting in limited attention for the iconic building. It is however clear that historic buildings are vulnerable, and Qasr Al Hosn as well deserves extra care and preservation if it is to last longer than it has. Consequently, this study explores and suggests a blueprint for the preservation Qasr Al Hosn as cultural monument in UAE. The study probes and discusses how the future identity of Qasr Al Hosn should be preserved, and how it will feed into the next generations (Hellyer and Ziolkowski 4). The Abu Dhabi’s story begins from the Qasr Al Hosn, a name that signifies its twin role: â€Å"Hosn† meaning fort, and â€Å"Qasra’ meaning castle. It is imperative to note Abu Dhabi was a region that was ruled by a tribe known as Bani Yas, who inhabited the oasis of Liwa. The Bani Yas tribe visited the island â€Å"Abu Dhabi’ for the purposes of collecting salt and fishing. The tribe did not inhabit the island because it lacked water. However, a wide area of drinking water was discovered in the island in 1760. Sheikh Dhiyab Al Nahyan later built a watchtower in the area to conserve the precious resource, when he discovered the significance of fresh water. This prompted influx of small settlement into the region. Later, the tower was expanded as the settlement in the region increased. It is significant to note the Sheikh Dhiyab Al Nahyan fortified the castle in the 18th century to protect from any form of invasion. This

INndividual Assignment 5 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

INndividual Assignment 5 - Article Example Products and services can be spread to others through status posts and pictures, thus the advertising companies get the benefit of passive advertising at a very low cost (88). For example, in the global social networking website Facebook, large companies took the advantage of both interacting with their consumers as well as getting their feedback and photos of the product to gain a wider range of audience. The more people â€Å"like† their pages, it is correlated with many people becoming more aware of their products, which spells as a success in their advertising campaign in Facebook. Using this network in advertising products can be an effective strategy in the promotion of new products and showcasing best-selling items to others, which is why many companies were already on this bandwagon of advertising by making their own product page known among network users. Many companies created their own pages in the social networking giant, and a blog post in 2010 shows which companies and products gained the most number of â€Å"likes† among its users (Porterfield). The blog explains the successful marketing strategies of the top 10 Facebook product pages, two of which, Red Bull Page (ranked number 1) and The Twilight Saga Page (ranked number 9) would be discussed here. First is how Red Bull was able to gain top rank in 2010 for number of â€Å"likes†, which was accomplished by numerous interactive links in the page such as games and video-uploads, as well as the use of attention-grabbing images for fans to â€Å"like† their page (Porterfield). The company did not use too many texts, but rather focused on creative advertising so as to grab the attention of social networking users. Because Red Bull removed the complexities of too much reading and instead used interactive and creative strategies of gaining the interest of interne t citizens, they were able to gain many fans and rank number one in the list. Red Bull as an energy beverage is not a

On the Job Training Essay Example for Free

On the Job Training Essay OJT is a three letter acronym for on-the-job training, which is a form of training taking place in a normal working situation. OJT training, sometimes called direct instruction, is one of the earliest forms of training (observational learning is probably the earliest,). It is a one-on-one training located at the job site, where someone who knows how to do a task shows another how to perform it. In antiquity, the kind of work that people did was mainly unskilled or semiskilled work that did not require specialized knowledge. Parents or other community members, who knew how to do a job necessary for survival, passed their knowledge on to the children through direct instruction. On-the-job training is still widely in use today. In fact, it is probably the most popular method of training because it requires only a person who knows how to do the task, and the tools the person uses to do the task. It may not be the most effective or the most efficient method at times, but it is normally the easiest to arrange and manage. Because the training takes place on the job, it can be highly realistic and no transfer of learning is required. It is often inexpensive because no special equipment is needed other than what is normally used on the job. The other side is that OJT takes the trainer and materials out of production for the duration of the training time. In addition, due to safety or other production factors, it is prohibitive in some environments. Training is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has specific goals of improving ones capability, capacity, and performance. It forms the core of apprenticeships and provides the backbone of content at institutes of technology (also known as technical colleges or polytechnics). In addition to the basic training required for a trade, occupation or profession, observers of the labor-market[who? ] recognize as of 2008[update] the need to continue training beyond initial qualifications: to maintain, upgrade and update skills throughout working life. People within many professions and occupations may refer to this sort of training as professional development.

Example of micro operations microinstruction

Example of micro operations microinstruction Q1. Give an Example of micro operations, microinstruction, micro program, micro code. Sol :- Following are the examples of micro operations:- Bus and Memory Transfers Arithmetic Microoperations Logic Microoperations Example of Microinstruction:- For Fetching Data:- IF inter. ELSE next inst.map Example of micro program :- sp := sp + (-1); mar := sp; mbr := ac; wr; wr; This pushes the AC value onto the stack Example of Micro code:- mar := sp; rd; sp := sp + 1; rd; ac := mbr; Pop a number from the stack and place it in the AC Q2 How Information Technology can be used for strategic advantages in business? Ans Globalisation- IT has not only brought the world closer, but it has allowed the worlds economy to become a single interdependent system. We not only share information quickly and efficiently, but also bring down barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. The world has developed into a global village due to the help of information technology allowing countries like Chile and Japan who are not only separated by distance but also by language to shares ideas and information with each other. Communication- With the help of information technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from different parts of the world thanks to the helps of video conferencing. Cost effectiveness- Information technology has helped to computerize the business process thus streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. More time IT has made it possible for businesses to be open 24 x7 all over the globe. This means that a business can be open anytime anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more convenient. It also means that you can have your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to move a single muscle. Q3. What Characteristics of software make it different from other engineering products? Ans :- Characteristics of software products :- Software products may be Generic developed to be sold to a range of different customers. Custom developed for a single customer according to their specification. Q4. What are different addressing modes available? Sol :- Various Addressing Modes are :- (1) Immediate Addressing Mode :- Immediate addressing is used to load constants into registers and to use constants as operands. The constant is part of the instruction word e.g. ADD 5 Add 5 to contents of accumulator 5 is operand Limited range (2) Direct Addressing Mode :- With direct addressing the address is part of the instruction Usually the OpCode is one word and address is the succeeding word or words. Effective address (EA) = address field (A) e.g. ADD A Add contents of cell A to accumulator Look in memory at address A for operand Single memory reference to access data No additional calculations to work out effective address Limited address space (3) Indirect Addressing Mode :- RegisterMemory cell pointed to by address field contains the address of (pointer to) the operand EA = (A) Look in A, find address (A) and look there for operand e.g. ADD (A) Add contents of cell pointed to by contents of A to accumulator (4) Register Direct Addressing Mode :- Limited number of registers Very small address field needed Shorter instructions Faster instruction fetch No memory access Very fast execution Very limited address space Multiple registers helps performance Requires good assembly programming or compiler writing (5) Register Indirect Addressing Mode :- The instruction specifies a register which contains the address of the operand MOVE #$1000,R7 ;R7 = $1000 As there are usually only a small number of internal registers the address of the register is easily contained in the instruction word. It is efficient and is very useful for working with arrays and pointers. Operand is held in register named in address field EA = R If an array of numbers is stored at $1000, then can be accessed in sequence by adding 1 to the register after each access. Operand is in memory cell pointed to by contents of register R Large address space (2n) One fewer memory access than indirect addressing (6) Displacement (Indexed) Addresing Mode :- EA = A + (R) Address field hold two values A = base value R = register that holds displacement or vice versa Q5 How will you differentiate b/w Arrays and Stacks?Explain by giving an example. Ans- An array can be defined as an infinite collection of homogeneous elements. A stack is a data structure in which all insertions and deletions are done at the same end called the top. It is often called last in first out (LIFO) data structure. Q6. How translator differs from Complier? Ans :- translator- it is a device that changes a sentence from one language to another without the change of meaning. Compiler :- It reads the entire program and converts it to the object code. It provides errors not one line but errors of the entire program. It consumes little time for converting a source program to an object program. Compilers are preferred when the length of the program is large. It provides security. Q7 Out of Linear and Binary Search, which one is preferred where and why? Ans- in linear search,we access each elemnt of array one by one sequentially and in binary search we seach in minimum number of steps.in binary search elemnts have to be in the sorted form. Binary search is preferred over linear search because time consumed is less.

Unappreciated and Underrepresented Essay -- Science, Theories, Newton

On the most basic level, there are two faces of science: the creation of theories and the application of theories. The work of Sir Isaac Newton and much of the early work of Niels Bohr dealt with the theoretical aspects of science. Their research embodies humanity’s efforts to understand the laws of nature, which would still exist even without the theorists that study them. Much of the work of Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Delambre, Pierre Franà §ois Andrà © Mechain and John Harrison’s efforts were attempts at utilizing key concepts developed from theorists towards practical applications for the benefit of humanity. Their efforts would be irrelevant without humanity because they are tailored to the needs of the human race. The scientists that deal with theories will subsequently be defined as theorists while scientists that deal with the application of theories will be defined as applied scientists. Although the theoretical work of Bohr and Newton changed the way in which peop le view the laws of nature, it is the works of applied scientists such as Delambre, Mechain, and Harrison that changed the lives of people on a global scale. Due to the more revolutionary nature of applied science, it is imperative for teachers of all school systems to recognize and teach the effects of applied scientists when discussing science. Newton shook the scientific foundations in his time with profound theoretical work. In the field of mathematics, he worked within the realm of the infinite and independently developed calculus, the quintessential language of science, economics, and engineering (Gleick 39). In Opticks, he discovered many essential properties of light such as the idea that light can act as a particle or that white light is a combination of multip... ...k of the theorists, but it is important to note that the reverse is true as well. These theories would have little to no impact on human affairs without the work of applied scientists to make a practical application of them. While theories may change the way the world is seen by humanity, it is the application of these theories that truly revolutionizes human affairs. We find that science is often taught with praise of Newton and Bohr for their contributions to science, despite the fact that the works of applied scientists like Delambre, Mechain, Harrison and Thomson did far more to benefit mankind. If Newton’s immortal quote â€Å"If I had seen further, it is only by standing on the shoulder of giants† (Gleick 25) were altered for the sake of this paper, it would be: if theorists held an impact on humanity, it is only by standing on the shoulder of applied scientists.

Botswana :: Africa World Essays Country

Botswana INTRODUCTION Have you ever heard of Botswana? Well, it is a country in Africa. Most people have never heard of Botswana, just like most people do not know that Egypt is in Africa. Pretty interesting? I, myself, had never heard of Botswana until I was selected to spend six weeks on a missionary internship there. I also did not know that Egypt was in Africa until recently. I would not give up my experience in Botswana away for the world. That is not what I am here to tell you about, though. I would love to tell you all about the mission trip and my plans for going back for a two year stay; however, I would like to inform you about the country of Botswana. I would like to begin by telling you where Botswana is. We will then look at this country under South African rule, compared to the independent government of Botswana that now exists. I would also like to have you look at the people and their culture to sho3w you what kind of people they are, and how simply they live and still get along quite well. I hope you enjoy this informational page of a country that many people have never heard about, and maybe it will inspire you to at least make a visit to see if I am telling the truth. NATIONAL STANDARDS The scope of this paper will identify and help readers to visualize the three National standards listed under the heading topic "Places and Regions." By explaining the past and the present of Botswana, including how the people, culture, economy, beliefs, and government have changed, the reader will understand National Standard number four which says: "Knows and understands the physical and human characteristics of places." I am hoping that this paper will open some of our ethnocentric minds to understand the growing world around us. It will also help define National Standard number five which states: "Knows and understands that people define regions and use them to interpret the world’s changing complexity." Botswana is a third world country, however, it is becoming more known because of its developing economy and stable government.

Analyse of the Wind That Shakes the Barley

The Wind That Shakes the Barley The wind that shakes the barley is a film made of Ken Loach, the film are made in 2006 Setting: â€Å"The wind that shakes the barley† takes place in Ireland, during the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) and the Irish Civil War (1922-1923) and it is a real story. After World war 1. Put a stopper for the home rule bill in Ireland there came English soldiers into Ireland and treated the Irish people really bad. Then some of the Irish people got upset and began to fight back. Resume:The film takes place in the Northern Ireland in the twenties, during IRA's fight against the British invasion of Ireland. The brothers Damien and Teddy O’Donovan join a rebel movement with some friends, after Damien’s failed attempt to escape to London to become a doctor, and after British soldiers killed a very good friend of his. The group is the start of the Irish peoples rise against the British invasion, and many people starts joining groups just like theirs. They get caught by the British, and Teddy gets tortured by pulling out his nails, to make him say names, but he doesn't reveal his secrets to anyone.Afterwards they fetch Damien in. The â€Å"boss† threatens to kill Damien if he does not tell him about who helps them, but Damien is silent and gets thrown back into the cell. The young soldier who were supposed to shoot Damien helps them escape, but since he has no key to the last cell, three of the captives get left behind. The others escape in a horse drawn carriage and stay in a small house while Teddy recovers. When Teddy is ready to travel again, they go to some reliable friends to live for a while.Here they find out that one of Damien’s oldest friends Chris Reilly, a young guy who worked on a British farm to earn money to his family, was the one telling on them, and got them sent to jail. They receive orders to kill both Chris and Sir John, and Damien shoots them. Later he talks to his sweetheart, Sine ad ni Shuilleabhain, about the shame in facing Chris' mother. After IRA's defeat on a British convoy, another detachment sets fire to Sinead's house as payback, and shaves her head while pointing a gun at her. Damien and the others see it all from behind a hill, but there are nothing they can do about it.The British are too many. When the British leave, Sinead is still deeply in shock, and while Damien comforts her, a messenger arrives with the message of a formal ceasefire between Britain and the IRA. The whole village celebrates, but not for long, because they find out about the Anglo-Irish treaty, and the IRA divides in two groups. Teddy is done fighting and accepts the treaty. He and his allies start patrolling in Irish Army-uniforms. Damien and his friends will not accept the treaty and joins the Anti-treaty IRA.Damien gets caught and his Anti-treaty friend Dan was killed in their attempt of stealing weapons from the British army. Characters Damien is a newly graduated doctor f rom college. You can see he is a recent graduate because in the film he is relatively young, and refers to himself as: Medical graduate from college. His brother named Teddy. Individually, they represent a position in relation to how Ireland should be free – Damien will fight through political means, and Teddy will struggle with violence. Which is typical in societies with war, there will always be different opinions on how to solve the conflict.

Mechanically Ventilated Patient Requiring Sedation Essay

A care plan for a mechanically ventilated patient requiring sedation has to be cautiously planned out with the help of a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals. It is very important for a nurse taking care of a patient on a ventilator to deliver high quality care using evidence-base nursing practices. The nurse need to make sure that he/she has a clear understanding of assessment skills and how to perform safety checks on vital life-saving equipment, having this knowledge base will assist the nurse in planning interventions that best fit the patient needs and desires (Alasad, 2005). The most crucial intervention that I would focus on is the patient’s airway due to if the airway is blocked this would increase the patient’s risk of not breathing and possibly coding by going into respiratory distress, to help decrease the risk of the patient having these airway problems I would focus my attention on doing an assessment of the airway at least once every hour or sooner. The next intervention that I would focus on is the pain level because this is problematic due to the inability of a mechanically ventilated patient to verbalize due to the invasive endotracheal intubation. Therefore I would use tools to measure a patient’s pain that are appropriate for that individual such as a pain picture board or paper with the numeric pain scale on it for the patient to the point to (Ackley, 2011). The following intervention that I would focus on is mouth care and comfort measures in the ventilated patient due to the patient cannot perform oral care on themselves so that puts the patient at an increased risk for an infection setting up in their mouth. Therefore mouth care with a soft brush should be performed every two hours. In addition to this comfort measure are important so the patient must be turned q2hours as a result this will keep the patient comfortable and decrease the risk of the patient’s skin from breaking down due to immobilized. Along with this, a bed bath would be performed everyday so that the nurse can assess the skin for any break downs that may be forming. Another important intervention to perform on a mechanically ventilated patient who is sedated is eye care. It is important for the nurse to maintain eye integrity due to these patients is susceptible to corneal dehydration, abrasions, and even infection. Therefore it is important to instill eye drops to keep the eyes moist and to use the antibiotic eye ointment as prescribed. The last intervention that I would include in this care plan in conjunction with the respiratory department in the hospital is sedation vacation. Doing this method would assist the patient in being weaned off the vent and for the nurse to gather further assessment data without the patient being heavily sedated (Ackley, 2011). In conclusion the nurse’s goal in providing care to a mechanically ventilated patient on sedation is to provide relief while minimizing the development of drug dependency and oversedation. Careful monitoring with a bedside scoring system, the appropriate use of medications, and a strategy of daily interruption can lead to diminished time on the ventilator and in the ICU (Urden, 2012). Reference Ackley, B. J., & Ladwig, G. B. (2011). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care (9th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier Alasad J, Ahmad M. Communication with critically ill patients. Adv Nurs 2005;50(4) Urden, L. (2012). Priorities in critical care. (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier

DBQ 1850’s Period Essay

In 1782 Americans won their independence from Britain in the American Revolution. After the colonies won their independence, Americans created the Constitution. Its purpose was to replace the Articles of Confederation and solve its problems and more importantly to bring the states together under a single document creating a stronger union of all the states. During the period of 1850, until 1861 when the Confederate States of America was formed, the union was clearly divided between the North and South. Although the Constitution was not the only factor leading to sectional tension in America, there are many strong points in the North and South favoring the statement, â€Å"By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it had created.†It is known that the union did not last, for there was the Civil War. If the majority of congressional leaders could agree on what the constitution implied, then there probably would not have been a civil war. From several of the documents, there are arguments about what the constitution states. â€Å"To the Argument, that the word ‘slaves’ and ‘slavery’ are not to be found in The Constitution, and therefore it was never intended to give any protection or countenance to the slave system, it is sufficient to reply, that no such words are continued in the instrument, other words were used, intelligently and specifically, to meet the necessities of slavery.† Ralph Waldo Emerson, address on the fugitive slave law. This indicated the constitution can be interpreted differently, and when used with other pertinent documents, can be incongruous. Those views that differentiated were of those in the North and South. The Constitution can be interpreted in many different ways, which leads to sectional discord and tension. For many reasons, the South evidently did not like what the constitution said. There were many conflictions with the compromise of 1850, shown on the map with the United States territories and the fugitive slave act. Certain northerners were so against slavery and the fugitive slave act that they even posted caution signs for the slaves. It shows how kidnappers were being sent after the slaves, and how Northern abolitionists were revolting against the South’s rules and regulations. This fugitive slave act also helped drive the tension deeper into the United States. When the idea of popular sovereignty came about with the compromise of 1850 Freesoilers in office were pushed harder into complex decisions over the popular sovereignty issue. â€Å"FORCING SLAVERY DOWN THE THROAT OF A FREESOILER,† illustrates in a very blatant text and disturbing political cartoon although being okay with slavery in the state, many including Buchanan and Steven Douglas make it seem as if slavery is the only way to go. All of the tension gathering, authors were predestining the Civil War. Ralph Waldo Emerson believed that the Constitution, when assorted with others like the fugitive slave law or the compromise of 1850, were contradictory, and that they aid to the now inevitable seeming end of the union. â€Å"What kind of legislation is this? What kind of constitution which covers? †¦ I suppose the union can be left to take care of itself†¦.But one thing appears certain to me, that , as soon as the constitution ordains an immoral law, it ordains disunion. The law is suicidal, and cannot be obeyed. The union is at an end as soon as an immoral law is enacted. And he who writes a crime into the statute-book digs under the foundations of the capitol to plant there a powder-magazine, and lays a train† This proves that By the 1850’s the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the union it has created. This was shown by ambivalent interpretations of the constitution and other important documents when assorted together.

Communication Accommodation Theory

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) states that people adjust their communication to others due to various reasons: seek for listener’s approval, maintain positive social identity and wanting to achieve communication efficiency. According to Giles, people accommodate their speeches and behaviors more to the people they found attracted to and who have more similar beliefs and attitudes with them. Giles suggested that people use perception and evalution in conversations, which means people observe and interpret message before they decide how to act in a conversation.Moreover, people who has a lower social status is often more likely to accommodate to and guided by people who are from higher social status. People also perform their behaviors according to norms and appropriateness, where they try to reach the expectations of behaviors in conversations. CAT suggests several ways when people adapt during conversations: convergence, divergence and overaccommodation. People may a djust themselves in order to highlight similar behaviors to others or distinguish themselves from others.Convergence is a strategy used to adapt another’s behaviors. Usually people converge toward stereotypes. Divergence is used to emphasize differences between communicators. It is a way to maintain one’s social identity and power status. Overaccommodation means to overdo in regulating to others even acting from good intentions. What Giles suggested in the theory is more than only showing us the reason we accommodate or Not accommodate to others in conversations. People use these tactics in order to maintain their social identities and statuses.It is especially important to minorities, whom are always expected to adjust to the mainstream. This theory make them realize what they have been doing unconsciously and what created unjustice in society. Another phenomenon that the theory has suggested is that people sometimes over-accommodate in order to fit in a group. People try to be someone who they are not even partly similar. Learning this theory might allow them to realize it might not be a good idea to overly adjust. Communication accommodation theory Theory Theory of Communication Accommodation Keenness State university Melinda Sykes Communication Accommodation Theory 2 Introduction Verbal behavior is an active lifestyle that individuals use to convey messages. This are of communication involves a multitude of approaches, both In a behavioral sense but also a social psychological approach. Our behavior alters our environment with or without our permission. Therefore, speech is an integral part of the communication accommodation theory because pitch. Illume. Tone and many others s said to cause a shift in ones behavior. In 1987, Giles & Wingman explained communication accommodation as a theory that examines underlying motivations and consequences of shifts In verbal behavior. This theory attempts to explain why people accommodate or adjust to another's speech and the need to gain approval or maintain social identity with whom they are speaking with. The theory assumptions are that perceptions of another's speech help Individuals t o evaluate and behave towards that person.The purpose of this paper Is to discuss the development of the theory by reviewing research tested and or extending the theory. More Importantly, the paper will develop an overall evaluation of the theory strength's, weakness and heuristic potential. Both speech convergence and divergence, they magnify the movement toward or away from the speech style of the other. And determine that it is ultimately motivated by an assumption about the other's speech (Giles, Mullah, Abroad, & Johnson, 1987).These strategies give great reference and understanding of the accommodation principle in communication. Communication Accommodation Theory 3 Convergence and divergence are strategies that give light on the reasons why individuals adapt to one another's speech rate. Convergence indicates that â€Å"individuals adapt to each other by slowing down or speeding up speech rate, lengthening or shortening pauses and utterances, and using certain forms of polit eness, tag questions and verbal intensifiers in their speech† (Infants, Rancher, & woman, 2003).Divergence refers to the way speakers accentuate vocal and linguistic differences to underscore social differences between speakers (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Though the strategies differ linguistically they are the same in concept. They are unconnected in the sense â€Å"the strength of a single response may be, and usually is a function of more than one variable and a single variable usually affects more than one response† (B. F. Skinner, 1957). Street and Giles assumed that divergence is generally used when others are members of undesirable groups or hold distasteful attitudes (1982). Ultimately, we converge with others in interaction if they are powerful and we want to be like them. We diverge from others in interaction if it is important for us to highlight a separate and distinct identity' (Miller, 2005). Over time, researchers have examined the area of gender a nd communication. The research has lead to an understanding that individuals classify according to gender orientation rather than biological sex (Virginia Wheelers, 1984). The research uncovered that feminine and undifferentiated individuals were more accommodating than masculine.The research runs along the same parallel that â€Å"feminine language† is viewed as more considerate cooperative, helpful and submissive (Stewart, Stewart, Cooper, & Friendly, 1996). This issue is heuristic in the sense is has brought about the research of sound play. Communication Accommodation Theory 4 Bambini B. Speechifies, author and scientist researched sound play and described it as vocal/verbal activity of a single speaker, more importantly used between young children and mothers (Ochs & Sheffield, 1983).In these exchanges, children pay attention to the phonological shape of one another's utterances and repeat or modify slightly a sequence of sounds Just produced. The study has been reported in a number of different cultures. Speech convergence is expressed during sound play. The approval of the mother or the child's adjustment gains satisfaction for one another. These results suggest that similarity in speech and tone influence perceptions of a relationship and gains overall approval. The study observed the use of sound play, convergence and divergence in the workplace as well.The method was simple observation through the use of office cameras and role play. The purpose was to observe the amount of times the three strategies mentioned above were used and by what gender. The results of the study results of women showing convergence almost in all cases that presented themselves. Their speech in terms of pitch, volume and tone were all demonstrations that ran insistent with the implied hypotheses. The women showed signs of being more considerate, understanding and submissive.Their tone and volume were reported to be lower and seemed more empathetic to whom they were spea king with. While the men seemed very consistent with their regular speaking tones in the midst of adversity or casual conversation. More actions of divergence were shown by the male participants. Communication Accommodation Theory 5 Instances were numerous on the part of correcting others verbal expressions and used more extensive Jargon in the workplace. Research has found that stereotypes continue to show the relevance and authenticity of the convergence and divergence strategies.For example, blind persons report individuals who communicate with them tend to shout or exaggerate behaviors unrelated to their ability to see. Nurses use â€Å"baby talk† to the institutionalized elderly, regardless of the individual's capabilities (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Another example would be the tendency of individuals to yell or express exaggerated movements to persons who cannot hear. Research has been evaluated with gender playing a role in speech convergence and divergence. So ciety as given norms that inhibit the expectancy of speech from women and men.Even women's speech exhibits marked differences compared to the speech of men, provided that women use more polite expressions and seem to adopt standard forms, while the latter tend to exercise their â€Å"right† to do as they see fit (Miller, 2005). Society norms have provided the benefit of men using divergence and women more commonly using convergence to gain approval for satisfaction. As Robin Alaska once said, â€Å"women collude in their own subordination by the way they speak. † Speech divergence in the use of metaphors in literature, in that the message used in his kind of form is accessible only to those who are conversant with the code.In this way, members of certain groups or communities can hold up walls. On one hand, exclude the ones who cannot penetrate the mind of the speaker or the writer, but on the other, help cultivate intimacy and a sense of community. Communication Accom modation Theory 6 Communication accommodation theory is a very practical and easy to understand concept. For the reason, we all have experienced the convergence and divergence experience. Either, we were the initiator or the responder. The theory illustrates its opportunity to be tested and observed to gain further extensive research.With test having been conducted and both positive and negative feedback reported, both are good for a theory. It shows legitimacy that the theory is Just that but it also shows some relevance and true findings for the theory. This being said it makes the theory heuristic. Further research, observations, testing and extensions can be produced from this theory. In addition, the theory meets the scientific standards of explanation of the result, â€Å"twin objectives of scientific knowledge† (Griffin, 1991, p. 34). It maintains a simplistic concept and is easy to understand.Having a theory that is testable and leaves room for growth and further expa nsion puts it in the category of credible, substantial theories. A weakness in the communication accommodation theory is that it leaves many questions unanswered. Questions such as the long term changes in behavior and where to draw the line of empathy and the theory are where the theory can be unclear (Infants, Rancher & Hammock, 2005). In order for individuals to understand the difference between the accommodation theory and empathy, they would have to eave the same definition and perception of what empathy is. Communication Accommodation Theory CAT- American History X In this paper, I will use CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory) to explain how convergence, divergence, and intergroup contact are illustrated within the film American History X. Convergence in CAT refers to the accommodativeness, the process concerned with how we both reduce and magnify communication differences between people in interaction. Talking about convergence, people tend to enhance interpersonal similarities and reduce uncertainties. The effect of converging towards or approximately to another can increase liking and enable him or her to be seen more competent and credible.It includes switching to the other’s language or dialect, or assuming the same level of the other’s interruptions, speech rate, posture and so forth. When engaging conversation, if the individuals or in-group identity is viewed more than the out-group identity, there will be convergence and higher communication relational satisfaction. In the film American History X, there are several examples help to illustrate the concept of convergence: Firstly, the attitude and the way of thinking towards Derek are influence by his father who is being murdered and killed by two black people during his duty as a firefighter.In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family gathered around at the dinner table, Derek mentions his black teachers, Bob Sweeney, who assigned the class to read a book which is written by an African American author. Derek’s father disapproval the book because he is personally having dissatisfaction about his job with two black people got approved to his team. He explains the facts of how the black people in their society and neibourhood would threaten their life and verbally assume Derek is supporting his point of view. All these influences Derek after his father died.He starts to believe that the problems of the society is all race related. Started from that point, Derek strongly stereotypes his ethnic identity b ecause of his father’s prejudices towards the minorities in his society and the reason for his father’s death. His convergence mixed with stereotyping leads to over accommodation which is viewed as disrespectful to his whole family both verbally and nonverbally. Second example of convergence is another flashback in the movie. Derek along with his brother Daniel and girlfriend Stacey gathered a large group of white racism gangs in the parking lot.Derek was having a speech to the whole group about the new immigration and unfairness about the distribution on the resources towards whites and other ethics. After the speech, they destroyed a market which the owner is an Asian. They almost broke everything in the store and beaten up the people inside. The whole actions show that the group of white gangs is trying to show their strong social power to those who has lower power in the society. Besides, the group of white gangs tends to converge to signal their common ethnic and social identities.In another flashback scene, when Derek was in the prison, he tried to find the group who has the similarity with him base on the tattoo on his body. He lay down and worked out in the area where the others ethic prisoners were staying and he threaten them away. Finally he found the group and he is one of the in-group members. Here Derek tends to converge as he wants to gain approval by a group of people with similarity in the prison. He also wants to develop a closer relationship with the other members in his in-group that he didn’t meet before.After three years, Derek gets released from the prison. Daniel’s appearance changes to a younger version of Derek, with shaved headed and tattoo. Derek seems to be frustrated about the tattoo on Daniel’s arm as he thought it would be a bad idea for Daniel to follow his steps and get involved all those racism stuffs. But Daniel says â€Å"I thought you would like it! † Daniel tends to converge to ga in approval and trust from his brother, he tends to develop a closer relationship with him as long as he thought they are sharing the common social identities.Divergence in CAT refers to non-accommodativeness, to magnify the communicative differences. Divergence occurs when individuals desire to represent their in-group identity above others desire. It serves as a distinction to preserve dialect or vocabulary. Members of different ethnic groups often accentuate their identities by diverging from one another both verbally and nonverbally. Divergence can be particularly intense if people feel their identity is threatened and that the other group has historically and illegitimately discriminated against them.If a person accommodates an out-group member in this situations, that person is named as cultural traitor. If the out-group identity is more noticeable than the in-group or individual identity, there will be divergence less satisfaction. Here are some examples help to illustrate th e concept of divergence: When Derek was in the prison, he found his in-group member. Everything is going well till one day Derek find out one of the prisoner in-group member trade with a Mexican American ethic group member. He is disappointed and had never acknowledged the possibility of his in-group member could do wrong.He shows his disapproval towards that member’s action nonverbally and walked away. In the next few days, Derek reveals to sit with his in-group for meals and he didn’t show any respect to his in-group. He started to play basketball with the other out-groups instead of gather with his in-group. By then, he offended the group’s leader of his own in-group and they turned on him and gang raped him in the shower. At first, Derek diverges from his in-group due to the actions of the member trading with the other out-group member. He thinks that is no different with cultural traitor.Then his in-group members disapproval towards his demeanor, the gang r aped accident happened to increasing the divergence. When he was attacked by those he once considered members of his in-group, Derek makes up his mind to leave the group after that as he thinks his social identity is being raped out because he had believed that could only be perpetrated by out-groups. After Derek is released from the prison, he went back to the party held by Cameron, who used to convince Derek to lead several violent acts. He starts off a fight with him due with the issue about his brother Daniel.Derek blames Cameron is the one who giving them so much trouble and asked Cameron to leave them alone. Derek tends to diverge from his in-group to signal his disapproval towards Cameron’s actions and demeanors. He thinks Cameron is trying to put Daniel into hardship like him. Derek broke up with his girlfriend Stacey in that same party. Derek was trying to tell Stacey to leave the group with him together, but Stacey disagree as she thought Derek is in a popular posit ion at that time and she personally doesn’t think there is any problem with the group. They turn out to be enemy.They tend to diverge to signal relational dissatisfaction, Stacey think Derek changes a lot after he gets out from the prison and she thinks he loses his reputation because of what he did to her. In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family was gathering around with a Jewish man at the dinner table. They talked about the revolution which an Asian market was being destroyed, happened before when Derek, Daniel and Stacey were involved. The Jewish man has different point of view toward the whole racism activity with three of them. Derek started the get mad in the middle of the meal.He thinks that the Jewish man is trying to get sexual benefit from his mother and he is a hater for Derek. Derek rudely asked him to get out of the house and never step into his house again. Derek tends to diverge as he wants to signal the relational dissatisfaction towards h is mother and the Jewish also he wants to disapprove toward his actions in his house, being a hater for Derek. Intergroup contact theory indicates the perceptions of an out-group will change consistent with the perceptions one holds regarding a relationship one has with a member of that out-group.Intergroup communication also maximized the presence of their group and will sometimes leads to a dissatisfied relationship. Here are some examples from American History X helps to explain the intergroup contact theory: During the work in the prison, Derek was assigned to work with an African American man who named Lamont. At first Derek refused to talk to him because of his strong stereotyping but Lamont was always trying to challenge Derek’s deep-set stereotypes. Most of the time for Lamont, it is more likely a one-side conversation.Lamont worked around with Derek’s racist attitude by talking about some common interests for example women and the reason they are in prison. Al ong with the conflicts happened between Derek with his in-group, Derek realizes that those of the other ethnicities were much more like himself than he had imagined before. They become friends afterwards and on the day that Derek got released, they met each other and Derek says to Lamont â€Å"I think part of the reason that I could get out is because of you. † Derek feels thankful to him. His strong stereotyping is lost.Another example is after Derek was being raped by his in-group member; Derek was helpless and feels utterly alone. He lost his cultural identity to cling to and is not belongs to any of the groups. While he was staying in the medical room, his former African American English teacher, Bob Sweeny, came to visit him. Derek seeks helps from him. Bob was willing to help him and he helped him to see how his actions have affected his younger brother Daniel. These two examples show that Derek has changed his attitude towards an out-group after he tried to communicate with them. Stereotyping also reduces for Derek.He tends to have a positively relationship with the out-groups which is the aims of intergroup contact theory. American History X does not only explain the convergence, divergence and intergroup contact theory in CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory), but it also explains more theories in interpersonal and intercultural communication. Convergence, divergence and intergroup are all related to the communication between an in-group and out-group. The film helps to illustrate some facts that also happening in the real life that we have to face and most of the time, the way that we could deal with them is by communication.

Animal Experiments Ethics Controversy Essay

Experiment In present-day society, it is a well-known fact that animal experiments are playing an increasingly key role in our lives, and it is advancing at an amazing speed. Its research results have completely changed our lives. But in the meantime, the animal experiments ethics controversy has sparked much debate. Many people think that for the survival and development of humans, animal experiments are necessary. While some people argue that life of animals and humans are equally important, they are against any form of animal experiments. In this essay, I will compare and contrast two typical opinions regarding this issue. Convincing arguments can be said that animal experiments are commonly used in medical research. In studies on investigation and prevention, human diseases play a huge role. To start with the role of medicine, using animals to test new drugs could help in understanding the effects and side effects of new drugs. Therefore, people don’t have to be test subjects, and can avoid the dangers of being these test subjects. Moreover, animal experiments in cloning human organs also have a new break through. For instance, people found that goats implanted with human stem cells have blood and organs similar to DNA of humans. Specifically, the main use of it is nurturing human organs in animals’ bodies. One day when people are injured or sick, they will be able to directly replace organs. More importantly, through animal experiments, we can explore the mysteries of human lives. In other words, controlling the human diseases and aging, extending the lives of humans could be realized by animal experiments. For these reasons, some statistics show that biomedical research projects with more than 60% need to conduct animal experiments. There are many topic researches of animal experiments that are difficult. After years of research, animal experiments have saved countless lives, and it will continue to save more lives. Compelling arguments can be made that animal experiments play an irreplaceable important role in many other fields of science. In the first place, national defense and military science obviously rely on animal experiments. As we know, the first creature into space was not human, instead it was a dog. People did a lot of experiments with the dog in space, and thus gained a lot of data. Sensors were used to monitor her heartbeat, blood pressure, and other bodily functions to better understand any physical changes that might occur in space. In the second place, agricultural science, using animal experiments is very important and meaningful. Thus chemical fertilizers, pesticide residue testing, and quality of food, is eventually determined through the uses of animal experiments. Last but not least, in the area of light industry, people’s daily necessities, especially, the effects of chemical products are experimented on animals to test for harmful ingredients. For instance, before food additives, fur products, cosmetics, and so on, companies were required to conduct animal experiments to prove they were not harm to the human body. With the development of times, more and more fields need animal experiments. Maybe people haven’t noticed, but it has become an essential part of people’s daily lives. It may be tempting to argue that animal experiments are not fair. The main reason for this is that people think animals and humans have the same basic survival needs, and high levels of psychological needs. Obviously, animals and humans have the same rights to live in the world. We need to respect animals, respect lives. Another reason is some people think that animal experiments are too cruel. For example, Draize eye irritation test is used to measure the stimulating degree to human eyes of certain products. Rabbit’s are always used to do this kind of test, since they don’t have tears. People lock up these rabbits, open their eyes, and drop in the test substances. In order to get the best results, people will be forced to close their eyes. Moreover, after the experiments, all the rabbits will be killed, whether they are healthy or not. Even so, we should not do this in order to save animals lives instead we should sacrifice people’s lives. We can’t dent animal experiments, since it has some inadequacies. I believe that before we find a viable alternative, the majority of people would still support animal experiments. In summary, I would concede that we should protect animals’ rights and welfare, try to reduce or stop animal experiments. Despite that in the present level of technology, the existence of animal experiments for the development of humans is very necessary. Overall, I am convinced that we should use the proper experimental design, and data analysis methods to reduce the use of experimental testing on animals in the existing conditions, and look for new alternatives actively.

Anthropology Multiple Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthropology Multiple Questions - Essay Example A good example of a cultural universal is art. In music, one is more likely to listen to classical music and dance ballet if they are exposed to it. Another person may favor hip hop and rap music because they have been exposed to it. In the argument of nature versus nurture, the environment in which one grows up contributes more to how an individual turns out, as opposed to biology. This is because the environment exposes one to certain things that he or she will adopt (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Question 2: Ethnography and Ethnology An ethnographic survey is a detailed study of a group’s culture. This involves the anthropologist going out into the field, living with the subjects and recording the observations made about the group. Ethnology is the cross-comparative study of different societies to identify and explain similarities and differences. It uses data from ethnographic surveys and compares it with same data from different societies (Nowak & Laird, 2010). When conducting a study of a different culture, the method I would use would be participant observation. Becoming immersed in the culture to be studied would reduce ethnocentric tendencies from my own enculturation. It would also aid in faster integration and acceptance by the subjects, and they would be more open to sharing information. Methods of gathering data include; open-ended questionnaires, interviews, tape and video recordings and field notes. Problems that may arise include; refusal to participate, observer bias and language barriers. These problems can be countered by immersing oneself fully to gain the participants trust and get them used to outsider presence, making use of an interpreter and eventually learning some of the language. Question 3: Role of women in Foraging and Horticultural based societies Women in foraging societies were responsible for collecting wild plants while the men hunted (Nowak & Laird, 2010). Women produced up to eighty percent of the group’s nutritional n eeds. Foragers were fairly egalitarian as both sexes participated equally in food procurement. Women took part in decision making alongside men. Horticulturalists practiced small-scale farming on plots of land. Women did most of the cultivation and they held positions and statuses in horticultural societies, being the main food producers. As the role of women in food production diminishes, so does their power and status. The egalitarian nature of foraging and horticultural societies was because women were important in food production. This was not replicated in agrarian and industrialized societies where men controlled more resources. Though American women on average earn less than men, their status is higher than in the past and they can now make decisions. The American woman can be considered at par with the woman in foraging and horticultural societies. Question 4: Reciprocity in Foraging and Horticultural societies Reciprocity is a type of economic exchange where goods or servic es are given in expectation that the receiver will return the favor. Reciprocation may be generalized, where the giver trusts that the receiver will reciprocate in kind. The amount and date of reciprocation is not specified; it is an arrangement based on trust and cooperation. Foraging societies, for example, practice generalized reciprocation where a hunter shares his catch with the whole village (Mauss, 2000). The gatherers also divide out the catch amongst themselves so that every family gets something. Balanced reciprocity is practiced with the

Motivation of Employees in the Real Estate Industry Research Paper

Motivation of Employees in the Real Estate Industry - Research Paper Example Alderfer’s ERG theory eradicates the limitations imposed by the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory to some extent. Unlike Maslow, Alderfer has identified three types of needs. E stands for existence, R stands for relatedness, while G stands for growth. There are quite a lot of similarities along with some differences between the Alderfer’s ERG theory and the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Although the number of needs differs between the Alderfer’s ERG theory and the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, yet there is a correspondence between them. The existence needs in the Alderfer’s ERG theory correspond to the physiological and safety needs of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. The relatedness needs correspond to the love and belongingness, and self-esteem needs whereas the growth needs represent the need for self-actualization. In this sense, Alderfer has confined Maslow’s needs to the ERG needs. Like the Maslo w’s hierarchy of needs theory, the Alderfer’s ERG theory is also hierarchical; the most important is the existence need, followed by the related needs and finally the growth needs. There are three fundamental ways in which the two theories differ (NetMBA, 2010). Firstly, Maslow’s theory suggests that different needs’ levels cannot be satisfied simultaneously whereas Alderfer’s ERG theory suggests that they can. Secondly, Maslow has standardized the hierarchical order of the needs for all people whereas Alderfer asserts that the order of needs can vary from one case to another.

Quality Improvement Issue Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quality Improvement Issue - Term Paper Example In my organization, appointments are sometimes not planned by nurses in the outpatients department and as a result, patients complain on a daily basis. Prolonged waiting times have also increased patient dissatisfaction and many of them are increasingly opting to seek the services of our competitors whose waiting times are lower. A study cited by Yeboah and Thomas (2009) showed that increasing waiting times for more than thirty minutes conversely increases patients intolerability. Deliberate lack of scheduling appointments by nurses is contributed by heavy workloads that makes the them forget to schedule appointments. Strategies to reduce patient waiting times in my organization needs to be redesigned in order to improve quality of care provided. Most importantly, newly formulated strategies ought to focus on reducing nurses workload s. Ho (2014) reiterates that patient waiting time is contributed by increasing patient loads. In fact, there is a lot of confusion among patients when they have multiple appointments. Some of them spend nearly a day as they wait to be attended to. To reduce the patients waiting time in my organization, there is need for decisive and patient centered planning, restructuring, simplifying, and updating workflows in order to improve efficiency of care provided. Institute of Medicine. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Retrieved from

Alzheimer's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alzheimer's Disease - Essay Example It is a disease that occurs mostly in older people and adversely affects various parts of the brain, which subsequently results in a loss of memory, thought and speech. Some of which have been provided as follows. Alzheimer 's disease is a form of dementia that is, "associated with the breakdown of the nervous tissue in the brain." (http://bse.airtime.co.uk/defb.htm) According to the ALS Therapy Development Foundation, Alzheimer's disease is, "a form of degenerative brain disease resulting in progressive mental deterioration with disorientation, memory disturbance and confusion. It leads to progressive dementia, often accompanied by dysphasia and/or dysphasia. The condition may also give rise ultimately to spastic weakness and paralysis of the limbs, epilepsy and other variable neurological signs." (http://www.als.net/als101/glossary.asp) The online site of the Medaus Pharmacy states that only in a few cases does Alzheimer's exist before the age of fifty. This disease results in a complete eventual breakdown of speech-patterns and results in disorientation and apathy in the patient. Other symptoms include the loss of intelligence, memory, judgment and the ability to think abstractly. In addition, diverse changes in the personality and behavior of the patient can often be seen as well. (http://www.medaus.com/p/147.html) It is natural for a person with Alzheimer's to remember things that may have happened years ago clearly and to forget those of the present. Any form of dementia (be it Alzheimer's or otherwise) does not occur all of a sudden; rather it is a slow process that often occurs over the course of months or years. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/) The number of people with Alzheimer's disease is likely to increase to 34 million by the year 2050. 350,000 new cases of the disease are diagnosed annually and the approximately 50,000 patients die from the disease each year. It has been found in literature that life expectancy is directly proportional to Alzheimer's. In other words in every country where the life expectancy its citizens has increased (this would mostly include the developed nations around the world) so has the prevalence of Alzheimer's. (http://www.ahaf.org/alzdis/about/adabout.htm) In addition, it has been found that, "women have a slightly greater chance of developing Alzheimer's than men do at the same age". (http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/articles/article.aspxarticleId=14) There are basically two types of Alzheimer's disease; the early onset and the late onset. The early onset is the type of Alzheimer's that occurs before the age of 60. Though is not very common it is highly progressive and greatly degenerative. (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000760.htm) "To function properly, the brain must have a minimum number of healthy cells. In Alzheimer's disease brain cells progressively die. If the number of neurons is also suddenly reduced, the patient's mental state may deteriorate abruptly. Several conditions may be responsible for the loss of neurons, including: strokes, subdural hematomas and space-occupying lesions inside the skull." (Handy et al, 1998, pp.105) Though the symptoms of each patient are unique, there are some basic indicators, which are likely to be experienced by most patients. These are given as follows, (http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/mental_health/disorders_dementia.shtml) Lack of concentration, Confusion about time & place(s), Negligence of one's own self, A

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Research Methods - Essay Example Nevertheless, this report point towards the expanding trend in full figure retail among the clothing fashion industries. According to this report, it had several strengths in exploring the future trend of plus sized female clothing. For instance, there was the full use of good presentation skills in presenting the main ideas. The recent data collected in the report prove that retailers who forego the need for dwelling in plus size fashion will fail to enjoy the market profits. There was proper use of English and flow of ideas in explaining the crucial themes of research. More so, the report shows that the average sizes for women dresses have improved from size eight to fourteen. Nevertheless, there were several weaknesses of the report in delivering the data collected. For instance, there was no proper presentation of the online or offline businesses that adhere to the requirements of the full figure customers. This is unlike the market of skinny women that retail in numerous clothes of all kinds. For a long time, clothing and fashion industries have neglected the plus sized market to cater for women who are size 14 and above. The report could curb the weakness by having a proper plan and time while collecting data. Opportunities for the research relate to a need for additional retailers of plus size clothes. Since the average size of most people is changing from size 12 and above, retailers should foresee a means of making profits. The increasing full figure people increases the demand for such clothes that manufacturers and fashion industries should take note. The challenges faced relates to the process of collecting data. The report had limited information from the library and local shops regarding the retailers of plus size clothes. Such a challenge requires a plan for the next research regarding plus size fashion and clothing. For instance, the research could try and use visitations to the

FL (R) HB 111 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FL (R) HB 111 - Term Paper Example These policies, therefore, clearly defines the terms and conditions that must be fulfilled by the Transitional Living Facilities before they begin their operations. The policies are in place to govern the day to day running of these Transitional Living Facilities. The Magar Marylynn sponsored bill also seeks to redefine the prerequisites for the admission of individuals in the Transitional Living Facilities in an attempt to curb the spread of diseases in these facilities. #1.However, the bill has a few policies issues. This bill prohibits the admission of a patient who is at risk of infection to other patients and the facility personnel. By setting this strict prerequisite for the admission of individuals, the very detailed Florida Senate House Bill 111 somehow delays the interventions of individuals with brain and spinal cord injuries. The strict guidelines and conditions that have to be met by patients may take a lot of time to be screened and ascertained before they are eventually admitted. Some Transitional Living Facilities may lack the very sophisticated equipment to screen the individuals for admission. The legislation of this bill will also prohibit other patients with related health problems from being admitted in the transitional living facilities. #3.Brain and spinal injuries usually lead to incapacitation of an individual. In most cases, the injured fails to move the whole or some parts of the body. The causes of brain and spinal injuries are accidents, diseases and disorders. Motor vehicle accidents accounts for most spinal injuries. According to National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, as many as 40,000 people in America have suffered spinal and brain injuries. #5.Brain and spinal injuries always have severe implications. Economically, the victim may be forced to quit job, a move that terminates salary. The cost of health care for spinal and brain injury is also

Ecological Footprint Analysis Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ecological Footprint Analysis - Article Example Further on the most popular methodologies of environmental impact measurement, such as the Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) and the Carbon Footprint are considered. The Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) first occurred in 1996 and was focused on measurements of consumed natural resources. This concept is defined in the following way: â€Å"the total area of biologically productive land and water required by an entity to sustain its current consumption levels† (Haque 2005). EFA is a helpful tool defining the magnitude of consumption. Every nation has its own measurement of EFA. For example, Canadian footprint is 7.8 ha per capita (Schmidt 2002, p. N/A). Therefore, in average, every citizen of the planet consumes 2 hectares of earth. There are many benefits of EFA as the measurement method of ecological consumption. This measurement enables nations to develop patterns of consumption. Moreover, the EFA serves as a factor of sustainability influencing policy changes and practi ces. Nevertheless, there are also some drawbacks in EFA. This measurement is a static and consumption is presented as a static phenomenon measured at a certain point of time. Each person can consume less goods and services and in such a way, it is not a realistic way to appropriate and consumption measurement of ecological resources. There are many factors missed in measurement of EFA, such as toxic waste production and assimilation, but much attention is paid only to environmental impact of the consumption. Very often EFA is beneficial, because it is very quick and does not require numerous attributes to the sample. There are many impurities related to gas, crucible and accelerator. In average, carbon contribution to the carbon signal can be measured and calculated (York, 2009, p. N/A). There are numerous inconsistencies triggered by the levels of impurity and this affects a failure of exact measurements. The accuracy of determination is often questioned because of quick measuring methodologies. Basically, EFA refers to the amount of resources consumed by people, especially water and land. A Carbon Footprint is focused on greenhouse gases emission. EFA contains greenhouse gas calculations. Both of these methods are focused on human activities’ impact on the ecology and the environment. Actually, there is an evident difference between these two methods, such as operational mode of methods. EFA looks like an accounting balance sheet of the global world. Minus side of the sheet is occupied by resource-consuming activities supporting human life, such as energy consumption, logging, construction, fishing or hunting and waste caused by those activities. On the plus side there is the Earth's bio-capacity, i. e. the natural ability of the environment to replace the resources and consume the waste (Heddings and Wendy, 2009, p. N/A). Ecological footprints are focused on estimation of sea and forest areas, which absorb greenhouse gases. The strategy of carbon foo tprints measurements has been widely spread for a long period of time (Wheeler 2004, p. N/A). The areas of greenhouse gas waste are used for increasing awareness of the gas impact on climate change. People contribute much to burn fossil fuels directly impacts an ecological footprint. More greenhouse gases require more sea and forest

Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb Essay Example for Free

Florida- Blind, Deaf, and Dumb Essay Coleman already knew one thing for sure about his future, and that was that he wanted to make educating children his life’s work. Coleman knowing about the lack of educational decrees in Florida decided to take the opportunity to advantage, by writing to Governor William D. Bloxham asking for a sum of $20,000 minimum appropriation to start a school for the deaf and blind. Coleman’s hopes came true when in 1883 Florida’s legislature establishes an institution for blind and deaf children for two years at ,000. The location of the school was put to a biding between the towns in Florida. Captain Edward E. Vaill offered St. Augustine the biggest bid of $1,000 and 5 acres. The original three wood buildings were erected by contractor William A. MacDuff at $12,749. The school was completed in December 1884. The first class entered in 1892 with 62 students. The two first graduates were both deaf, their names were Artemas W. Pope of St. Augustine and Cora Carlton of Island Grove. The two later married and became parents of Florida Senator Verle A. Pope. The first blind student graduated in 1908. The first African American graduates were Louise Jones a blind student in 1914, and Cary White a deaf student in 1925. The school originally only had 5 trustees in 1905, until 1963 were there were 7. Taylor Hardwick began construction on new dormitories in late 1958 and opened in 1959. The school is now the largest of its type in the U. S. The school now has 47 buildings and 72 acres. The school’s annual budget is over $30 million dollars. The schools no longer an boarding school but, now a public school. It’s the only school in Florida that is pre-school through 12th grade. It also has a post-secondary program. The school is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges, and Schools. The Conference of Education Administrators serving the deaf, and the National Accreditation Council for Agencies Serving the Blind and visually handicapped. The school has two departments: the Deaf department, and the Blind department. The school also has outreach programs for parents, teachers, and other staff in small and rural school districts in Florida. The also has a healthcare center on campus for students, as well as two well-appointed auditoriums. The school boasts the Copeland recreation and fitness center, which is specially designed and constructed for the blind. The center is the site of the annual USABA’s youth national goalball tournament. Not only that but blind high school students get state of the art sound system within the school. The school has 11 sports you can join at the school: Football, Soccer, Volleyball, Basketball, Little League Baseball, Track, Cross Country, Swimming, Goalball, Wrestling, and Cheerleading. They have preforming arts groups, the deaf department has a traveling dance troupe, and the blind department has a band known as the OuttaSight. The school also has several clubs: the blind skier, academic bowl team (competitive), and a traveling math club called MathCounts. -Notable Alumni- * Ray Charles- He learned to read braille here. When he went to the school it was known as the Institute for the Blind, Deaf and Dumb. * Ashley Fiolek- A very well-known rider in motocross racing. * Marcus Roberts- A famous Jazz pianist. -My Perspective- I really enjoyed researching and writing this essay. Originally the essay was supposed to be about all deaf culture related things in Florida but, as I started one of the things that kept popping up was the Florida school for the Deaf and Blind. Since it kept popping up I clicked on it and was amazed that it was in St. Augustine (which is where I was going to go for spring break), and that it was the oldest school for the deaf in Florida. All of a sudden I knew that I wasn’t doing my project on the deaf culture in Florida but instead a certain school for the deaf in Florida. Then I realized I had to make a decision; the schools name is the school for the Deaf and Blind. Meaning I would have to decide if I wanted to do my project on the school as a whole which means the Deaf and Blind, or just the Deaf department. As you already know (because hopefully you read the essay) I choose to both. The reason I choose to do both is because if I’m writing (or typing) this essay about the school than I’m going to write about the school in a whole. When I saw the school in person was when I finally realized just how big 47 buildings and 72 acres is. the school is huge and looked like it could swallow are school times two. I wasn’t able to go into the school. I was also surprised that I didn’t see that many people who were either deaf or blind from what I could tell at least. I do remember seeing this one girl who was deaf a couple times, I think she might have been a tourist though because I saw her at a tourist spot. The first time I say her we were sitting across from each other at a restaurant. My dad kept telling me to go say hi, and I swear I told him a million times that I couldn’t and that it would be considered rude. All in all I feel extremely pleased with what I came up with for this essay, and I hope you are too.